DIRECT and INDIRECT

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Bilamana reported speech menyatakan kata-kata yang sebenarnya, ini disebut direct speech (kalimat langsung). Kalimat-kalimat tersebut tidak dihubungkan oleh “that” melainkan harus ditandai dengan (tanda baca) koma.

Bilamana reported speech memberikan isi pokok kata-kata yang dipakai oleh si pembicara dan bukan kata-kata yang sebenarnya ini disebut indirect speech (kalimat tidak langsung). Dalam indirect speech kalimat-kalimat itu dihubungkan dengan kata “that”.

Bentuk waktu reporting verb tidak diubah, akan tetapi bentuk waktu reported speech harus diubah berdasarkan atas bentuk waktu reporting verb.

1. Bila kata kerja untuk melaporkan adalah say, ask, order, advise dalam bentuk present dan kata-kata yang dikeluarkan si pembicara dalam waktu present juga, maka tense (waktu)tidak berubah.

2. Demikian juga bila kalimat yang dikeluarkan si pembicara kata kerjanya dalam bentuk present perfect dan future, maka tense tidak mengalami perubhan.
Contoh:
She says, “ I will go to school.”
She says that she will go to school.
3. Bila kata kerja say, ask, order, advise dalam kata kerja bentuk past simple, walaupun kalimat-kalimat yang dikeluarkan si pembicara berkala kata kerja present, kata kerja harus juga past simple.

4. Bila kata kerja say, ask, order, advise dalam bentuk past simple dan kalimat-kalimat yang dikeluarkan si pembicara berkala kata kerja past simple pula, maka dalam kalimat tidak langsung kata kerja harus dalam bentuk past pperfect.
Contoh:
• They said, “ we bought a book at book store.”
• They said that they had bough a book at book store.

5. Perubahan kata-kata :
• I menjadi he atau she.
• You menjadi I atau he atau she.
• We menjadi they.
• My menjadi his atau her.
• Our menjadi their.
• Here menjadi there.
• Now mejnadi then.
• This menjadi that

Contoh Kalimat Direct and Indirect

Direct	 	Indirect
simple present He said, “I go to school every day.”	 	simple past He said (that) he went to school every day.
simple past He said, “I went to school every day.”	 	past perfect He said (that) he had gone to school every day.
present perfect He said, “I have gone to school every day.”	 	past perfect He said (that) he had gone to school every day.
present progressive He said, “I am going to school every day.”	 	past progressive He said (that) he was going to school every day.
past progressive He said, “I was going to school every day.”	 	perfect progressive He said (that) he had been going to school every day,
future (will) He said, “I will go to school every day.”	 	would + verb name He said (that) he would go to school every day.
future (going to) He said, “I am going to school every day.”	 	present progressive He said (that) he is going to school every day..
		past progressive He said (that) he was going to school every day
Direct	 	Indirect
auxiliary + verb name He said, “ Do you go to school every day He said, “Where do you go to school?”	 	simple past He asked me if I went to school every day. He asked me where I went to school.
imperative He said, “ Go to school every day.”	 	infinitive He said to go to school every day.

Direct	 	Indirect
can He said, “I can go to school every day.”	 	could He said (that) he could go to school every day.
may He said, “I may go to school every day.”	 	might He said (that) he might go to school every day.
might Might He said, “I might go to school every day.” He said, "I Might go to school every day."
must He said, “I must go to school every day.”	 	had to He said (that) he had to go to school every day.
have to He said, “I have to go to school every day.”
should He said, “I should go to school every day.”	 	should He said (that) he should go to school every day.
ought to He said, “I ought to go to school every day.”	 	ought to He said (that) he ought to go to school every day.